Turning Rustbelts Into Brainbelts - WSJ
www.wsj.com/articles/turning-rustbelts-into-brainbelts-1460675679
Apr 14, 2016 - Marc Levinson reviews “The Smartest Places on Earth: Why Rustbelts Are the Emerging Hotspots of Global Innovation” by Antoine van Agtmael
世界上最聰明的地方
The smartest places on Earth: Why rustbelts are the emerging hotspots of global innovation - YouTube
The smartest places on Earth: Why rustbelts are the emerging hotspots of global innovation - YouTube
世界上最聰明的地方
從Rust belts 到Brain belts
從Rust belts 到Brain belts
The Rust Belt is a derogatory term for the region straddling the upper North-Eastern United States, the Great Lakes, and the Midwest States, referring to economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector. The term gained popularity in the U.S. in the 1980s.[1]
The Rust Belt begins in New York and traverses to the west through Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, ending in northern Illinois, eastern Iowa, and southeastern Wisconsin. All or parts of New England are also sometimes included in a broader definition of the Rust Belt. Previously known as the industrial heartland of America, industry has been declining in the region since the mid-20th century due to a variety of economic factors, such as the transfer of manufacturing further West, increased automation, and the decline of the US steel and coal industries.[2] While some cities and towns have managed to adapt by shifting focus towards services and high-tech industries, others have not fared as well, witnessing rising poverty and declining populations.[3]
Contents
[hide]Outcomes[edit]
Francis Fukuyama considers the social and cultural consequences of deindustrialization and manufacturing decline that turned a former thriving Factory Belt into a Rust Belt as a part of a bigger transitional trend that he called the Great Disruption:[37] "People associate the information age with the advent of the Internet, in the 1990s but the shift from the industrial era started more than a generation earlier, with the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt in the United States and comparable movements away from manufacturing in other industrialized countries. … The decline is readily measurable in statistics on crime, fatherless children, broken trust, reduced opportunities for and outcomes from education, and the like".[38] However, in the U.S. a deindustrialization effect on the former heavily industrialized North-East has been uneven in terms of geography and social class. Some regions, particularly along the Eastern Seaboard, saw an offset from an increased service sector including I.T.
>58% loss
43–56% loss
31–43.2% loss
8.7–29.1% loss [United States average: 8.65% loss]
7.5% loss – 54.4% gain
>62% gain
Three metropolitan areas lost more than four fifths of their manufacturing jobs: Steubenville, OH; Johnstown, PA, and Augusta, ME.
沒有留言:
張貼留言