https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon#State_law
United States[edit]
U.S. Constitution[edit]
In the United States, the pardon power for offences against the United States is granted to the President of the United States under Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution which states that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment." The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this language to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites, and amnesties.[27]
The pardon power of the President applies only to convictions under federal law.[28] Additionally, the power extends to military court-martial cases, as well as convictions in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.[28]
Almost all pardon petitions are addressed to the President, who grants or denies the request. In some cases, the President will, of his own accord, issue a pardon.[29] Typically, applications for pardons are referred for review and non-binding recommendation by the Office of the Pardon Attorney, an official of the United States Department of Justice.[30]
State law[edit]
The governors of most of the 50 states have the power to grant pardons or reprieves for offenses under state criminal law. In other states, that power is committed to an appointed agency or board, or to a board and the governor in some hybrid arrangement (in some states the agency is merged with that of the parole board, as in the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board).[31]
Nine states in the United States have Boards of Pardons and Paroles that exclusively grant all state pardons. These states are: Alabama (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Connecticut (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Georgia (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Idaho (Commission of Pardons and Paroles), Minnesota (Board of Pardons), Nebraska (Board of Pardons), Nevada (Board of Pardon Commissioners), South Carolina (Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon), and Utah (Board of Pardons and Parole).
On at least three occasions, state governors—George Ryan of Illinois in 2003,[32] Toney Anaya of New Mexico in 1986,[33] and Martin O'Malley of Maryland in 2014[34]—have commuted all death sentences in their respective states prior to leaving office.
Related concepts[edit]
- Clemency is a general concept of amelioration of penalties, especially by action of executive officials; the forms it may take include the following:
- Amnesty: A pardon applied to a group of people rather than an individual. President Jimmy Carter offered amnesty to anyone who had evaded the draft. Weapon amnesties are often granted so that people can hand in weapons to the police without any legal questions being asked as to where they obtained them, why they had them, etc. After a civil war a mass amnesty may be granted to absolve all participants of guilt and "move on". Amnesties are typically applied in advance of any prosecution for the crime.
- Commutation: Substituting the imposed penalty for a crime with a lesser penalty, whilst still remaining guilty of the original crime (e.g., someone who is guilty of murder may have their sentence commuted to life imprisonment rather than death, or the term of imprisonment may be reduced).
- Remission: Complete or partial cancellation of the penalty, whilst still being considered guilty of said crime (i.e., reduced penalty). Also known as remand, the proceedings by which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed, with instructions as to what further proceedings should be had.
- Reprieve: Temporary postponement of a punishment, usually so that the accused can mount an appeal (especially if he or she has been sentenced to death).[37]
- Respite: The delay of an ordered sentence, or the act of temporarily imposing a lesser sentence upon the convicted, whilst further investigation, action, or appeals can be conducted.[38]
- Expungement: The process by which the record of a criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the official repository, thus removing any traces of guilt or conviction.
- Immunity from prosecution: A prosecutor may grant immunity, usually to a witness, in exchange for testimony or production of other evidence. The prosecutor (conditionally) agrees not to prosecute a crime that the witness might have committed in exchange for said evidence. For example, a car thief who witnesses a murder might be granted immunity for his crime as an inducement to identify, and perhaps to truthfully testify against the murderer.
- Other immunity: Several other types of immunity are available, depending on the status of a person as a member of the government.[vague]
Some criminals who testify for the prosecution put their life in jeopardy by doing so. To encourage witnesses to testify, the government may offer witness protection. In the United States Federal Witness Protection Program, about "95% of [witnesses in the program] are ... criminals."[39] Those who testify for the prosecution may be offered immunity from prosecution for their own crimes.[39]
美國[ 編輯]
美國憲法[ 編輯]
在美國，美國總統根據美國憲法第二條第二款授予對美國犯罪的赦免權，該條規定總統“有權對犯罪行為給予赦免和赦免。除了彈劾外，對美國的反對。“ 在美國最高法院已解釋這種語言包括給予赦免，赦免條件，句子的減刑，刑期條件減刑，罰款和沒收的緩解電力喘息和大赦。[27]
州法[ 編輯]
50 個州中大多數州的州長有權根據州刑法給予赦免或赦免。在其他州，該權力被委託給指定的機構或董事會，或董事會和州長的某種混合安排（在某些州，該機構與假釋委員會的合併，如俄克拉荷馬州赦免和假釋委員會） 。[31]
美國有九個州擁有赦免和假釋的委員會，專門授予所有州赦免。這些州是：阿拉巴馬州（赦免和假釋委員會），康涅狄格州（赦免委員會和Paroles委員會），格魯吉亞（赦免委員會和Paroles委員會），愛達荷州（赦免委員會和Paroles委員會），明尼蘇達州（赦免委員會），內布拉斯加州（委員會）赦免），內華達州（赦免委員會委員會），南卡羅來納州（緩刑委員會，假釋和赦免委員會）和猶他州（赦免委員會和假釋委員會）。
至少三次，狀態governors- 喬治·賴安伊利諾伊州在2003年，[32] 托尼·安納亞新墨西哥1986年，[33]和馬丁·奧馬利馬里蘭在2014年[34] -具備減刑所有死刑判決在他們的離職前各州。
相關概念[ 編輯]
- 寬恕是改善處罰的一般概念，特別是通過行政官員的行動; 它可能採取的形式包括：
- 大赦：赦免適用於一群人而不是個人。吉米卡特總統向任何逃避選秀的人提供大赦。通常授予武器大赦，以便人們可以向警察提交武器，而不會詢問任何法律問題，他們在何處獲得武器，為什麼擁有武器等。在內戰之後，可以批准大赦以免除所有參與者內疚和“繼續前進”。大赦通常在對犯罪進行任何起訴之前適用。
- 換位：用較輕的刑罰取代強加的刑罰，同時仍然犯有原罪（例如，犯有謀殺罪的人可將其刑期改判為終身監禁而不是死刑，或監禁期限可以是減小）。
- 緩解：完全或部分取消處罰，同時仍被視為犯罪（即減刑）。也稱為還押，即將案件送回上訴法院的訴訟程序，並指示應進一步提起訴訟程序。
- 緩刑：暫時推遲處罰，通常是為了讓被告可以提起上訴（特別是如果他或她被判處死刑）。[37]
- 暫息：一個有序句子的延遲，或行為暫時處以較輕刑罰時被定罪，而進一步的調查，採取行動，或上訴可以進行。[38]
- 刪除：將刑事定罪記錄從官方存儲庫中銷毀或封鎖的過程，從而消除任何有罪或有罪的痕跡。
- 免於起訴：檢察官可以通常向證人提供豁免，以換取證詞或其他證據的產生。檢察官（有條件地）同意不起訴證人可能犯下的罪行以換取上述證據。例如，一名目擊謀殺案的偷車賊可能會因其犯罪而獲得豁免權，以此作為識別的誘因，也許可以如實地作證反對兇手。
- 其他免疫力：可以使用其他幾種類型的免疫力，具體取決於作為政府成員的人的身份。[ 含糊 ]
一些為起訴作證的罪犯通過這樣做使他們的生命處於危險之中。為了鼓勵證人作證，政府可以提供證人保護。在美國聯邦證人保護計劃中，約有“95％[計劃中的證人]是......犯罪分子。” [39]為起訴作證的人可以因自己的罪行而獲得免於起訴的豁免權。[39]
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