電視與網路製造出川普"形象" ；蘋論：媒體(sic)慚愧； “Trump is arguably the first bona fide media-created presidential nominee” Yes, the media bears part of the responsibility.

蘋論：媒體(sic)慚愧

2016.11.11

當媒體疏遠了草根、當媒體離開了現實、當媒體傲慢的自我越來越膨脹，就會出現美國這次大選的媒體悲劇──判斷錯誤、自以為是、評論偏差，被沉默的多數集體背棄、打臉。台灣媒體從當中學到什麼？

輕視川普違背原則

美國主流媒體在兩條戰線上全軍覆沒──對川普個人及大多數沉默選民的採訪及評論都太輕忽與主觀，記者個人立場與好惡，深深誤導了對社會和選民的認知，錯失媒體最重要的態度──精確與客觀。難怪川普不客氣又尖酸地痛罵媒體，指記者都是「腐敗的人渣」。
傳統主流媒體包括CNN、NBC、CBS、《紐約時報》、《華盛頓郵報》等，選前一面倒看好希拉蕊，選後全體傻眼，那些名校畢業的記者、編輯和媒體主管，菁英主義特質濃厚，與希拉蕊菁英身段同質性很高，彼此有共同語言、氣質、自我認知，而對粗魯不文、情緒暴躁、草根氣質的川普不屑一顧。其實川普也是不折不扣的美國東部菁英份子，但說話行事都粗豪直率，與草根民眾氣味相投，他對希拉蕊冷嘲熱諷剛好滿足中下階層草根白人對菁英的憤懣；而川普素人特質，也讓草根對華府老油條政客圈的厭惡找到出口。
不可思議的是，所有這些主流媒體竟然都沒有認真採訪川普。「美國記者從來沒把川普當一回事」，《華郵》作家蘇利文認為川普和記者勢同水火，故而記者沒有看清美國社會真正發生的事，不知道基層對貿易和移民的悲憤已到了忍無可忍的地步。台灣媒體接收到的美國大選信息都來自主流媒體，無法接觸到基層草根的民意，以致跟著美國主流媒體做出偏差的報導和判斷。
媒體對大選主角的輕視已違背採訪原則，更不能不走訪民間採訪草根的民意，才能精確掌握實況。這兩方面都疏忽了，怎可能做出正確的判斷？ 

社群媒體成大贏家

本來紙本媒體已經日落西山，還這麼混，只會使報紙、電視的權威性更低落，且不提還有新興網路媒體在虎視眈眈，正在瓜分媒體市場。
此次大選的最大輸家是傳統媒體（包括民調機構）；最大贏家是社群媒體，與柯文哲大贏連勝文的情況類似。數位化的技術與文化已回不去了，還沒有被社群媒體和網路武裝好的政治新人，在未來的選舉中必無前途，而網路文化又特別與新生代族群八字相合。川普現象已經揭示，推動新政治的時間已經來臨。 

~~~~~

此處媒體指的是電視與網路。

平面媒體如報紙，主要報紙，似乎盡了責。

Robert Reich

Yes, the media bears part of the responsibility. “Trump is arguably the first bona fide media-created presidential nominee,” concluded a study by Harvard’s Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy.

By mid-March, 2016, the New York Times reported that Trump had received almost $1.9 billion of free attention from media of all types – more than twice what Hillary Clinton received and six times that of Ted Cruz, Trump’s nearest Republican rival.

The explanation for this is easy. Trump was already a media personality, and his outrageousness generated an audience – which, in turn, created big profits for the media.

Media columnist Jim Rutenberg reported CNN president Jeff Zucker gushing over the Trump-induced ratings. “These numbers are crazy — crazy.” CBS president and CEO Leslie Moonves said, “It may not be good for America, but it’s damn good for CBS. The money’s rolling in and this is fun.”

Not only did the media fawn over Tump but it also failed to subject his assertions, policy proposals, and biography to the scrutiny normal candidates receive.

Fox News, in particular, became Trump’s amplifier – and Fox host Sean Hannity, Trump’s daily on-air surrogate.

Trump also used his own unceasing tweets as a direct, unfiltered, unchecked route into the minds of millions of voters. The term “media” comes from “mediate” between the news and the public. Trump removed the mediators.

Your take?